Context: The usual cause of nonfulfillment of endodontic therapy is the persistence of microorganisms in the root canal system due to ineffective disinfection. Enterococcus faecalis is one of the most prevalently isolated microorganisms following a failure in root canal treatments. Sodium hypochlorite is among the most effectively used irrigant solutions but has many shortcomings. Herbal alternatives for sodium hypochlorite might prove to be superior due to their high antimicrobial activity, biocompatibility, and their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Aims: This study is aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial efficacy of Trachyspermum ammi oil and Elettaria cardamomum oil against 2-week-old and 4-week-old E. faecalis biofilms formed on tooth substrate. Settings and Design: A pure culture of E. faecalis was grown on brain heart infusion agar, inoculated into brain heart infusion broth, and incubated at 37°C overnight. Single rooted human mandibular premolars were sectioned below cementoenamel junction, enlarged, and vertically sectioned along the midsagittal plane. The samples were then placed in tissue culture wells inoculated with 2 ml of the bacterial solution and incubated at 37°C. Materials and Methods: Group 1 E. cardamomum oil (cardamom), Group 2 T. ammi oil (ajwain), Group 3 5% sodium hypochlorite, and Group 4 Saline (control) (n = 10). At the end of the 2^nd and 4^th weeks, all groups were treated for 10 min with 3 ml of the respective solutions. Quantitative analysis was performed by serial dilution. Results: T. ammi oil and sodium hypochlorite treated teeth showed complete elimination of both the 2-week-old and 4-week-old E. faecalis biofilm. Meanwhile, saline and E. cardamomum oil-treated teeth still showed the presence of E. faecalis. Conclusions: The use of T. ammi oil as a root canal irrigant solution can be considered as an alternative to sodium hypochlorite.

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Background: During the biomechanical preparation of the root canal by rotary file systems, stress is generated within the canal, which leads to dentinal microcrack formation. Such defects are evaluated only under the microscope. Aim: The present study aimed to evaluate dentinal microcrack formation after instrumentation with ProTaper Next (M-wire), Revo S (conventional NiTi), and WaveOne Gold (Gold-wire) file systems under the stereomicroscope. Materials and Methods: Forty single-rooted teeth free from any defect were selected and divided into four groups (Control, PTN, RS, and WOG). Experimental groups were instrumented with file system used in the study, and the control group were left unprepared. Samples were further decoronated and sectioned at 3 mm, 6 mm, and 9 mm from the apex perpendicular to the long axis and examined under a stereomicroscope at ×25 for different types of microcracks (no fracture, complete fracture, partial fracture, and other fracture). Statistical Analysis Used: Data analysis was done by the Chi-square test using the SPSS version 17.0 software. A two-sided (α = 2) P < 0.05 (P < 0.05) was considered statistically significant. Results: The null hypothesis was rejected. There was a statistically significant difference between the groups. All file systems created microcracks in the root dentin. WOG group showed an incidence of 66.7% for no fracture, PTN group had 40% for other fracture, and RS group had 60% for complete fracture. Conclusion: Single file system WOG with gold wire technology proves to be the best choice for canal preparation among the tested groups in terms of least dentinal crack formation.

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Tooth loss remains a significant deterrent to oral health and adversely affects the dietary intake and nutritional status of individuals compromising their general health. It is a debilitating and irreversible condition and is considered as the “final marker of disease burden for oral health.” The prevalence of tooth mortality and its causes has been studied for many years through point prevalence studies; however, there is a need to generate a national representative data. This study aimed to systematically review the available literature measuring the prevalence of tooth mortality in India. We searched the following databases for studies that had assessed the prevalence of tooth mortality in India: PubMed/Medline, PubMed Central, and Scopus. This yielded 36 studies, of which 16 eligible cross-sectional studies assessing the prevalence among those 18 years and above were included. Meta-analyses using the random-effects model were conducted for tooth mortality outcomes which stratified for different covariates such as age groups, gender, geographic region, population group, type of index, and reason for loss using MetaXL Version 5.3 Software, Netherlands developed by Dr Jan J Barendregt. Pooled prevalence was used to estimate the overall effect, with 95% confidence intervals (CI). A total of 13,662 adults participated in the 16 studies. We found that the overall prevalence of complete tooth mortality (loss of 32 teeth) was 10.7% (95% CI: 10.2%–11.2%, 16 studies, n = 2249) and partial tooth mortality (having one or more teeth) was 58.8% (95% CI: 57.9%–59.6%, 16 studies, n = 7526). Rural area adults showed twice 61% (60.5%, 95% CI: 58.9–62.1, 7 studies) than urban adults. Females had higher partial tooth mortality (48.2%%), whereas males higher complete tooth mortality (20.2%). There was higher methodological heterogeneity of included studies. Nearly 35% of adults have complete or partial tooth mortality. Greater tooth mortality indicates the burden of the prosthetic needs.

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Endodontic rehabilitation of grossly mutilated teeth is challenging. It requires reconstruction of the tooth under proper isolation before the commencement of the endodontic procedure. The study was designed to assess the 5-year performance of projector system-based endodontic restoration. Two patients diagnosed with pulpal necrosis and chronic periradicular periodontitis were provided with “Projector Endodontic Instrument Guidance System-” (PEIGS) based endodontic treatment. After access cavity preparation, the canals were cleaned, shaped, and further enlarged to receive the projectors with a snug fit after effective etching. The incremental composite buildup was performed in a standardized manner. On successful curing, the files and the projectors were retracted sequentially. This was followed by a conventional root canal therapy. A 5-year follow-up showed an intact tooth structure and patient compliance in both cases. Although a technique sensitive procedure, the PEIGS provides promising results.

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Tongue is an important oral structure that affects speech, position of teeth, periodontal tissue, nutrition, swallowing, nursing, and certain social activities. Tongue-tie or ankyloglossia is a developmental anomaly of the tongue, characterized by an abnormally short, thick lingual frenulum resulting in limited tongue movement. Diagnosis must include functional assessment of tongue mobility, in addition to the physical appearance of the frenulum. Tongue mobility and appearance associated with the insertion, as well as the attachment and the shortness of the lingual frenulum should be evaluated. Ankyloglossia management should be considered at any age considering the risk-benefit evaluation and because of the highest vascularization and mobility of the tongue. Lingual frenuloplasty for the management of ankyloglossia in children is being discussed in the form of case series.

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Screw-retained implant restorations have an advantage of predictable retention, retrievability, and lack of potentially retained subgingival cement. However, a few disadvantages exist such as need for precise placement of the implant for optimal and esthetic location of the screw access hole and obtaining passive fit. Malo bridge with customization of abutment can establish a precise patient's gingival architecture. It is the most esthetically advanced form of fixed prosthodontic rehabilitation for complete and partially edentulous patients. This prosthesis is combined with three-dimensional (3D)–printed computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing technology to gain the precise fit and added esthetics. It also has advantages such as elimination of screw access openings, makes it possible to remove and repair the fractured porcelain of the individual crown without removing the whole structure, excellent precision, avoids casting errors, light weight, reduced complexity of laboratory procedures, high definition of morphology, and time-consuming. This case report presents replacement of partially edentulous maxilla using 3D-printed Malo bridge.

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Oro-facial-digital syndrome (OFD) is a disorder with varied inheritance patterns. They deal mainly with abnormalities of the face, digits, i.e., fingers and toes, and oral cavity. Hypoplasia of nasal alar cartilage, broad nasal bridge, frontal bossing, and micrognathia are the common facial abnormalities observed in its multiple potential forms. Among the oral features, lobulated tongue, multiple frenulae, and cleft lip/palate are the common findings. The subject presented in our case manifested cleft of the hard palate at the time of presentation, along with other diverse features, which could not match any of the defined OFD types in literature. Furthermore, follow-up of the infant observed closure of the palate spontaneously, without any intervention. Hence, the purpose is to add to the knowledge the typical features of this unspecified type of OFD, along with this unique unprompted cleft palate closure, which aroused the need of close watch in such cases.

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Background: This study is aimed to assess the maxillary incisors' root position, angulation, and buccal alveolar bone thickness in both genders and different classes of malocclusion using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). Materials and Methods: Two hundred and six CBCT images were gathered and analyzed by three-dimensional On-Demand software to measure the variables of 803 maxillary central and lateral incisors. Genders and class difference was determined by unpaired t-test, one-way ANOVA, and Chi-square tests. Results: Buccal root position of the maxillary incisors accounted for in the majority of the cases followed by the middle and palatal positions. The thickness of alveolar bone appears to have nearly the same pattern of decreasing in the mean values above the level of 2 mm from the crest of the bone up to the 6 mm level then increase in the apex of the root. The angle between the long axis of the maxillary incisors and the corresponding alveolar bone is higher significantly in class II followed by class I and III with no significant gender difference. Conclusions: most of the maxillary incisors examined were located in a very close position to the buccal cortical plate and covered by a thin buccal bone wall. The apparent association was noted between the incisors' root position and angulation in the alveolar bone with the buccal bone thickness.

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Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of pretreatment with of matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors on the shear bond strength (SBS) of Adper Single Bond 2 total etch adhesive to the primary teeth dentin following 6 months of storage in artificial saliva. Materials and Methods: One hundred and twenty primary anterior teeth extracted for orthodontic reasons were selected. After etching, dentin blocks from each tooth were pretreated for 60 s with: (i) phosphate-buffered saline (0.01 M, pH 7.2) as the control group, (ii) 17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), (iii) 2% doxycycline (DO) solution, and (iv) 2% chlorhexidine (CHX) solution, with subsequent application of an etch-and-rinse adhesive system (Adper Single Bond 2). The composite was placed in clear Teflon cylinders. The SBS values were determined immediately and following 6 months of aging with a universal testing machine. Failure mode was evaluated using the stereomicroscope and scanning electron microscope. Data were analyzed by the SPSS software using the one-way analysis of variance and post hoc tests (P = 0.05). Results: At baseline, no significant difference was observed between control, EDTA, CHX, and DO groups (P = 0.554). Following 6 months of aging, the SBS of the CHX group was significantly higher than the control group (P = 0.013). However, the SBS of the control, EDTA, and DO groups was not statistically different (P < 0.05). Conclusions: Following 6 months of aging, among different groups of the study, only CHX significantly preserved the SBS of composite resin to primary teeth dentin using Adper Single Bond 2 adhesive.

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Introduction: Nonpharmacological behavioral management techniques are routinely used to create an environment that facilitates and builds a rapport between the child and the dentist to carry out procedures with minimal disruption. However, the discomfort associated with oral injections produces varying degrees of stress in all patients. Nitrous oxide (N₂O)–oxygen (O₂) inhalation sedation is one of the most widely used modalities for the management of fear and anxiety in children. Objective: The objective was to evaluate changes in physiological and psychomotor effects in pediatric patients during extraction under different concentrations of N₂O–O₂ inhalation sedation. Materials and Methods: A total of 300 healthy patients in the age range of 6–12 years (mean 8.9 years), who needed extraction of primary tooth, were included in the study. Pulse rate, SpO_2, blood pressure (BP), and temperature were recorded at baseline, 30% N₂O concentration, 50% N₂O concentration, and again postoperatively. In addition, anxiety levels and neuromuscular coordination were recorded at the respective intervals. Results: The results revealed a mean decrease in pulse rate and BP from baseline and an increase in temperature and O₂ saturation during the sedation procedure. The findings were statistically significant. Significant impairment of coordination and psychomotor ability was seen at each step. Anxiety had significantly reduced after the onset of sedation due to the anxiolytic effect of N₂O. Conclusion: N₂O–O₂ inhalation sedation under different concentrations reduces the anxiety of the patient and produces adequate sedation with vital signs within normal limits along with temporary impairment of psychomotor ability and coordination.

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Aim and Objectives: The objective of the study was to clinically and radiographically compare and evaluate the regenerative potential of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (RhBMP-2) impregnated with absorbable collagen sponge and platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) in the treatment of Grade II furcation defects. Patients and Methods: Thirty-two subjects were randomly assigned to each of the following groups: bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) group and PRF group, with one defect/subject. Sixteen Grade II furcation defects were treated with RhBMP-2 impregnated with absorbable collagen sponge in the BMP group and the remaining 16 defects were treated with PRF in the PRF group. Clinical and radiographic parameters which were evaluated at baseline, postoperative 1 week, 3 months, and 6 months were probing pocket depth, clinical attachment level, scoring of plaque index, and gingival index, and the bone fill was evaluated using Digital Subtraction technique and morphometric area analysis with ImageJ^® software. Results: RhBMP-2 in absorbable collagen sponge was effective in increasing the bone fill in Grade II furcation defects when compared to PRF alone (P = 0.05). In relation to clinical parameters, both the groups showed no statistical significance between them. Conclusion: The unique regenerative potential of RhBMP-2 impregnated with absorbable collagen sponge makes it a potential agent to be used as a graft material for the treatment of Grade II furcation defects.

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Background: Taste perception is an important factor in sustaining human life. Impairment of taste is one of the important features of oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF), and it has not received much attention, owing to limited research work in the field. Therefore, the present study was conducted to determine taste alteration in OSMF patients. Materials and Methods: A total of 200 participants, both males and females with the age range of 20 years to 55 years, were included in the study. Four basic tastants (i.e., sweet, salt, sour, and bitter) were prepared as follows: sucrose for sweet (0.1–1.0 mol/l), sodium chloride for salty (0.01–1.0 mol/l), citric acid for sour (0.320–0.032 mol/l), and quinine sulfate for bitter (0.01–1.0 mol/l) and full mouth rinse test was performed for a complete taste response examination, after which punch biopsy was taken from buccal mucosa to determine histopathological staging. The data obtained were tabulated and analyzed by the Pearson Chi-square test; P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The overall results suggested that there was a significant alteration of taste. The sweet taste was altered followed by salty and bitter was least affected. Conclusion: The study points out at the significance of alteration in taste perception is OSMF patients related to sweet, salt, sour, and bitter taste by using physiological stimuli tastants.

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Background and Aim: The periodontal microbiome being complex, this study was aimed to detect and quantify the prevalence of Filifactor alocis in various stages of periodontitis and to evaluate its prospect as a diagnostic marker for periodontal disease. Settings and Design: Sixty subjects were selected (20 healthy controls, 20 with chronic periodontitis, and 20 with aggressive periodontitis) for the study. Materials and Methods: Clinical parameters probing depth and the level of clinical attachment was recorded, subgingival plaque samples were collected. The F. alocis 16srDNA was cloned, sequenced, and used as the standard for real-time quantification of bacterial load using SYBR green chemistry. Statistical Analysis: Clinical, microbiological, and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) data were analyzed using ANOVA and Pearson's coefficient correlation. Results: (a) Real-time PCR analysis showed the highest average F. alocis count in chronic periodontitis subjects (32,409.85), which was followed by count in healthy controls (3046.15) and the least count in aggressive periodontitis subjects (939.84). The bacterial count was statistically significant at P = 0.005. (b) An intra-group comparison reveals that there was a statistically significant increase in the bacterial count with age and mean probing pocket depth at P = 0.0005. Conclusion: F. alocis population in aggressive periodontitis was lower compared to chronic periodontitis and healthy controls. The F. alocis population surge in healthy controls may be due to geographical variations and the ethnicity of the subjects. A higher population of F. alocis in chronic periodontitis proves its high pathogenic potential to invade the host tissues to aid in further periodontal destruction.

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Aim: To evaluate the in-vitro microleakage of traditional micro hybrid composite resin and 0.2% chitosan-incorporated composite resin when restored in Class V cavities using total etch versus self-etch adhesives after storing in artificial saliva for 24 h. Materials and Methodology: Sixty permanent maxillary premolars collected and Class V cavities were prepared on buccal surface of each tooth (dimensions: mesio-distally 3 mm, occluso cervically 2 mm, and depth of 1.5 mm) and restored with Group 1: micro hybrid (30 teeth) and Group 2: chitosan-incorporated composite (30 teeth), which was further subdivided into: (a) 15 teeth using total-etch adhesives. (b) 15 teeth using self-etch adhesives. Next dye extraction test was carried out using spectrophotometer. Results: Comparison within groups: In Group 1: Self-etch demonstrated less microleakage (0.0129) compared with total etch (0.0183). The difference was statistically significant, and in Group 2: No statistically significant difference was found in mean microleakage scores after using either self-etch (0.0118) or total etch adhesives (0.0120). Conclusion: It can be concluded that chitosan-incorporated composite seems to have improved mechanical properties with a stable bond when used with either self-etch or total etch adhesives in addition to being antibacterial. It may be clinically useful in restoring Class V cavities in patients with high caries risk. However, further in vitro and in-vivo studies need to be carried out.

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Introduction: Precancerous lesion of the oral mucosa consists of a group of diseases which sometimes resemble each other leaving the clinician in a diagnostic dilemma. Etiology of these diseases varies geographically with most frequently being tobacco use, alcohol drinking, chewing of betel quid containing areca nut, and solar rays. The long-standing practice of these lifestyle habits causes an alteration in the mucosal barrier level leading to malignant transformation. Earlier, the diagnosis of malignant transformation was confirmed using biopsy, but the advent of exfoliative cytology showed that histological features of a cell undergoing transformation are distinctive during early stages. Early diagnosis can be lifesaving, along with chairside adjunct tools that can facilitate the clinician for better diagnosis and use it as an explanatory tool for patients. Aim: The aim of this study was to test the efficacy of foldscope as a chairside diagnostic tool to detect dysplastic changes in potentially malignant lesions affecting the oral cavity. Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional comparative study of a total of 54 individuals clinically diagnosed with oral premalignant lesions. Exfoliative cytological smears were taken and observed under light microscope and foldscope. After Papanicolaou stain, it was subjected to cytomorphometric analysis. Results: Cytological changes in potentially malignant lesions detected using foldscope were appreciable and found to be a mirror image of the routine light microscope. Conclusion: Morphological parameters assessed by foldscope proved to be employed in routine practice as well as in the mass screening of oral lesions.

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Background and Objectives: Oral submucous fibrosis (OSF) is extensively prevalent in India and South-East Asia owing to the habit of arecanut (AN) use. Epithelial atrophy, hyposalivation, and immune alterations in OSF may predispose to increased Candidal carriage. Stomatopyrosis in OSF can result from multiple causes, which may also include Candidal infection. Hence, this study is aimed to assess Candidal carriage, species characterization, salivary flow rate (SFR) and its relationship with the clinical features (stomatopyrosis and mouth opening [MO]) in OSF patients alongwith the response to antifungal treatment in patients with higher Candidal carriage. Methodology: In this case-control study, 60 OSF patients and 30 age- and sex-matched control subjects were enrolled. SFR was assessed using modified Schirmer test. Samples for Candidal assessment were collected with the oral rinse technique and cultured. The isolated yeast species were counted and identified based on Gram staining, germ tube test, and CHROMagar. Data were analyzed with Chi-square test, Pearson's correlation test, and one-way ANOVA test. Results: The distribution of mean visual analog scale (VAS) score, SFR and MO was significantly varied (P < 0.001) in the study and control groups. Candida was found to be present significantly (P = 0.048) in OSF group as compared to control group. Candida albicans was the predominant species. No statistically significant association was obtained regarding Candidal isolation and SFR, burning sensation and MO in OSF patients. Only 1 patient in the study group yielded a high Candidal carriage (>400 CFU/mL) and reported relief in burning sensation (VAS score) with antifungal therapy. Conclusions: OSF patients yielded a significant higher oral Candidal carriage. Although it was not found to be associated directly, its role as a “cause and effect” in SFR and clinical features (stomatopyrosis and MO) of OSF cannot be ignored.

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Background: Self-adhering flowable composite (SAFC) simplified restorative procedures, especially when compared to conventional techniques. Self-adhering composite revolutionized restorative dentistry by merging advances of adhesive and restorative materials to generate the so-called “eighth generation.” Aims: The objective of this clinical trial was to assess the clinical performance of SAFC compared to conventional flowable composite in minimally invasive occlusal cavities. Settings and Design: A total of 18 patients with conservative occlusal cavities received randomly two types of restorations in a split-mouth design. Materials and Methods: Vertise™ Flow or Filtek™ Z350XT Flowable was applied according to the manufacturer's instructions. All restorations were evaluated at baseline and after 24 months, respectively, by two blinded assessors using modified USPHS criteria. Statistical Analysis Used: Chi-square test was used for intragroup comparison between time points and intergroup comparison within each time point. A value of P ≤ 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Relative risk was used to determine the clinical significance. Results: The results of the current study have revealed no statistically significant difference between both materials for all tested outcomes at baseline and after 24 months. Conclusions: SAFC revealed satisfactory clinical performance in restoration of minimally invasive occlusal cavities after 24-month follow-up.

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Background and Aim: The complete sealing of the pulpal space contributes to the better healing potential after an root canal treatment, and root canal sealers are an integral part of this treatment which comes in contact with the periodontal tissue. Biocompatibility of an endodontic sealer plays an important role in the root canal treatment procedure. Hence, the aim of the study was to compare and evaluate the cytotoxicity and genotoxicity effect of three resin-based sealers on human periodontal fibroblast cells. Settings and Design: This in vitro study was conducted in Dr. Prabhakar Kore's Basic Science and Research Center and K. L. E V. K. Institute of Dental Sciences, Belagavi. Materials and Methods: Human periodontal fibroblasts were incubated with 15 specimens of Group 1 – AH Plus Group 2 – MTA Fillapex, and Group 3 - GuttaFlow 2, respectively. Cytotoxicity was assessed by 3,(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay and genotoxicity was assessed by Comet assay at time intervals at 24 h and 48 h. Statistical Analysis: Data were analyzed by the Kruskal–Wallis and Mann–Whitney U-test. Results: AH Plus and GuttaFlow 2 did not show any cytotoxicity or genotoxicity. MTA Fillapex was slightly cytotoxic throughout the time interval, and it also showed low genotoxicity throughout the time periods for which it was tested. Conclusion: AH Plus and GuttaFlow 2 did not show any cytotoxic and genotoxic effect; however, MTA Fillapex showed cytotoxic and genotoxic effect throughout the time interval.

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Objective: The aim is to evaluate the ability of different formulations of grape seed (GS) to influence the physical properties of conventional glass ionomer cement (GIC). Materials and Methods: Five groups were considered; Group I: Unmodified GIC (control), II: 3% v/v GS oil-modified GIC, III: 5% v/v GS oil-modified GIC, IV: 3% v/v ethanolic extract of GS (EEGS)-modified GIC and V: 5% v/v EEGS-modified GIC. Assessment parameters were; compressive strength, shear bond strength, surface roughness, water sorption and solubility and color difference. A representative specimen of each group was used for being analyzed by the Fourier transformation infrared spectroscopy. Analysis of variance was used to compare the results, followed by a Tukey post hoc test (P < 0.05). Results: 3% v/v GS oil-modified GIC only exhibited a significant increase in its compressive strength and shear bond strength. Concurrently, there was a significant decrease in surface roughness, water sorption and solubility for 3% v/v GS oil-modified GIC group (P < 0.05). The least color change was for 3% v/v GS oil-modified GIC, which is a clinically acceptable change. Conclusions: 3% v/v GS oil-modified conventional GIC is an optimistic formulation of a restorative material with enhanced physical properties and agreeable esthetic.

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Background: The role of Gram-negative anaerobic periodontal pathogens in periodontal diseases has led to the loss of tooth-supporting structures. These diseases can be prevented by the inhibition of bacterial biofilm on the tooth surfaces. Many treatment modalities have been tried to prevent periodontal diseases. With the rise in resistance to synthetic antimicrobials, there is a requirement to develop natural antimicrobials for the control of periodontitis. Aim: The aim of the study was to evaluate and compare the efficacy of garlic (Allium sativum) and guava (Psidium guajava) extracts on Porphyromonas gingivalis and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans using time-kill assay. Materials and Methods: Aqueous garlic extract (AGaE), ethanolic garlic extract (EGaE), aqueous guava extract (AGuE), and ethanolic guava extract (EGuE) were prepared. Time-kill assays were performed on P. gingivalis and A. actinomycetemcomitans. The aqueous and ethanolic extracts of guava and garlic were compared to assess the maximum bactericidal potency. Results: The comparison of time-kill assay of AGaE and AGuE on P. gingivalis showed a statistically significant difference at 2 h (t = 5.29, P < 0.01), 4 h (t = −4.867, P < 0.01), and 6 h (t = −3.647, P < 0.001). The comparison of time-kill assay of EGaE and EGuE on A. actinomycetemcomitans showed a statistically significant difference at 2 h (t = 4.54, P < 0.01) and highly significant difference at 4 h (t = 6.57, P < 0.001). Conclusions: The, judicious use of these phytomedicinal products could be cost-effective and also the adverse effects caused due to the long-term usage of synthetic antimicrobials can be avoided.

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